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mulmod-ppro.txt
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(* Copyright (c) 2011-2020 Stefan Krah. All rights reserved. *) ======================================================================== Calculate (a * b) % p using the 80-bit x87 FPU ======================================================================== A description of the algorithm can be found in the apfloat manual by Tommila [1]. The proof follows an argument made by Granlund/Montgomery in [2]. Definitions and assumptions: ---------------------------- The 80-bit extended precision format uses 64 bits for the significand: (1) F = 64 The modulus is prime and less than 2**31: (2) 2 <= p < 2**31 The factors are less than p: (3) 0 <= a < p (4) 0 <= b < p The product a * b is less than 2**62 and is thus exact in 64 bits: (5) n = a * b The product can be represented in terms of quotient and remainder: (6) n = q * p + r Using (3), (4) and the fact that p is prime, the remainder is always greater than zero: (7) 0 <= q < p /\ 1 <= r < p Strategy: --------- Precalculate the 80-bit long double inverse of p, with a maximum relative error of 2**(1-F): (8) pinv = (long double)1.0 / p Calculate an estimate for q = floor(n/p). The multiplication has another maximum relative error of 2**(1-F): (9) qest = n * pinv If we can show that q < qest < q+1, then trunc(qest) = q. It is then easy to recover the remainder r. The complete algorithm is: a) Set the control word to 64-bit precision and truncation mode. b) n = a * b # Calculate exact product. c) qest = n * pinv # Calculate estimate for the quotient. d) q = (qest+2**63)-2**63 # Truncate qest to the exact quotient. f) r = n - q * p # Calculate remainder. Proof for q < qest < q+1: ------------------------- Using the cumulative error, the error bounds for qest are: n n * (1 + 2**(1-F))**2 (9) --------------------- <= qest <= --------------------- p * (1 + 2**(1-F))**2 p Lemma 1: -------- n q * p + r (10) q < --------------------- = --------------------- p * (1 + 2**(1-F))**2 p * (1 + 2**(1-F))**2 Proof: ~~~~~~ (I) q * p * (1 + 2**(1-F))**2 < q * p + r (II) q * p * 2**(2-F) + q * p * 2**(2-2*F) < r Using (1) and (7), it is sufficient to show that: (III) q * p * 2**(-62) + q * p * 2**(-126) < 1 <= r (III) can easily be verified by substituting the largest possible values p = 2**31-1 and q = 2**31-2. The critical cases occur when r = 1, n = m * p + 1. These cases can be exhaustively verified with a test program. Lemma 2: -------- n * (1 + 2**(1-F))**2 (q * p + r) * (1 + 2**(1-F))**2 (11) --------------------- = ------------------------------- < q + 1 p p Proof: ~~~~~~ (I) (q * p + r) + (q * p + r) * 2**(2-F) + (q * p + r) * 2**(2-2*F) < q * p + p (II) (q * p + r) * 2**(2-F) + (q * p + r) * 2**(2-2*F) < p - r Using (1) and (7), it is sufficient to show that: (III) (q * p + r) * 2**(-62) + (q * p + r) * 2**(-126) < 1 <= p - r (III) can easily be verified by substituting the largest possible values p = 2**31-1, q = 2**31-2 and r = 2**31-2. The critical cases occur when r = (p - 1), n = m * p - 1. These cases can be exhaustively verified with a test program. [1] http://www.apfloat.org/apfloat/2.40/apfloat.pdf [2] http://gmplib.org/~tege/divcnst-pldi94.pdf [Section 7: "Use of floating point"] (* Coq proof for (10) and (11) *) Require Import ZArith. Require Import QArith. Require Import Qpower. Require Import Qabs. Require Import Psatz. Open Scope Q_scope. Ltac qreduce T := rewrite <- (Qred_correct (T)); simpl (Qred (T)). Theorem Qlt_move_right : forall x y z:Q, x + z < y <-> x < y - z. Proof. intros. split. intros. psatzl Q. intros. psatzl Q. Qed. Theorem Qlt_mult_by_z : forall x y z:Q, 0 < z -> (x < y <-> x * z < y * z). Proof. intros. split. intros. apply Qmult_lt_compat_r. trivial. trivial. intros. rewrite <- (Qdiv_mult_l x z). rewrite <- (Qdiv_mult_l y z). apply Qmult_lt_compat_r. apply Qlt_shift_inv_l. trivial. psatzl Q. trivial. psatzl Q. psatzl Q. Qed. Theorem Qle_mult_quad : forall (a b c d:Q), 0 <= a -> a <= c -> 0 <= b -> b <= d -> a * b <= c * d. intros. psatz Q. Qed. Theorem q_lt_qest: forall (p q r:Q), (0 < p) -> (p <= (2#1)^31 - 1) -> (0 <= q) -> (q <= p - 1) -> (1 <= r) -> (r <= p - 1) -> q < (q * p + r) / (p * (1 + (2#1)^(-63))^2). Proof. intros. rewrite Qlt_mult_by_z with (z := (p * (1 + (2#1)^(-63))^2)). unfold Qdiv. rewrite <- Qmult_assoc. rewrite (Qmult_comm (/ (p * (1 + (2 # 1) ^ (-63)) ^ 2)) (p * (1 + (2 # 1) ^ (-63)) ^ 2)). rewrite Qmult_inv_r. rewrite Qmult_1_r. assert (q * (p * (1 + (2 # 1) ^ (-63)) ^ 2) == q * p + (q * p) * ((2 # 1) ^ (-62) + (2 # 1) ^ (-126))). qreduce ((1 + (2 # 1) ^ (-63)) ^ 2). qreduce ((2 # 1) ^ (-62) + (2 # 1) ^ (-126)). ring_simplify. reflexivity. rewrite H5. rewrite Qplus_comm. rewrite Qlt_move_right. ring_simplify (q * p + r - q * p). qreduce ((2 # 1) ^ (-62) + (2 # 1) ^ (-126)). apply Qlt_le_trans with (y := 1). rewrite Qlt_mult_by_z with (z := 85070591730234615865843651857942052864 # 18446744073709551617). ring_simplify. apply Qle_lt_trans with (y := ((2 # 1) ^ 31 - (2#1)) * ((2 # 1) ^ 31 - 1)). apply Qle_mult_quad. assumption. psatzl Q. psatzl Q. psatzl Q. psatzl Q. psatzl Q. assumption. psatzl Q. psatzl Q. Qed. Theorem qest_lt_qplus1: forall (p q r:Q), (0 < p) -> (p <= (2#1)^31 - 1) -> (0 <= q) -> (q <= p - 1) -> (1 <= r) -> (r <= p - 1) -> ((q * p + r) * (1 + (2#1)^(-63))^2) / p < q + 1. Proof. intros. rewrite Qlt_mult_by_z with (z := p). unfold Qdiv. rewrite <- Qmult_assoc. rewrite (Qmult_comm (/ p) p). rewrite Qmult_inv_r. rewrite Qmult_1_r. assert ((q * p + r) * (1 + (2 # 1) ^ (-63)) ^ 2 == q * p + r + (q * p + r) * ((2 # 1) ^ (-62) + (2 # 1) ^ (-126))). qreduce ((1 + (2 # 1) ^ (-63)) ^ 2). qreduce ((2 # 1) ^ (-62) + (2 # 1) ^ (-126)). ring_simplify. reflexivity. rewrite H5. rewrite <- Qplus_assoc. rewrite <- Qplus_comm. rewrite Qlt_move_right. ring_simplify ((q + 1) * p - q * p). rewrite <- Qplus_comm. rewrite Qlt_move_right. apply Qlt_le_trans with (y := 1). qreduce ((2 # 1) ^ (-62) + (2 # 1) ^ (-126)). rewrite Qlt_mult_by_z with (z := 85070591730234615865843651857942052864 # 18446744073709551617). ring_simplify. ring_simplify in H0. apply Qle_lt_trans with (y := (2147483646 # 1) * (2147483647 # 1) + (2147483646 # 1)). apply Qplus_le_compat. apply Qle_mult_quad. assumption. psatzl Q. auto with qarith. assumption. psatzl Q. auto with qarith. auto with qarith. psatzl Q. psatzl Q. assumption. Qed.